This component models a 3-phase, 3/5 limb transformer and is based on the UMEC modeling approach.
Options are provided so that the user may model the core saturation characteristic directly as an I-V curve. If desired, the magnetizing branch can be eliminated altogether, leaving the transformer in 'ideal' mode, where all that remains is a series leakage reactance. Some elements of core geometry (i.e. core type, yoke and winding limb dimensions, etc.) are required for data input as well.
Inter-phase coupling is represented in this model.
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Transformer Name |
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Text |
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Just an identifier. A name should be entered here to avoid compilation warnings |
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Transformer Core Construction |
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Choice |
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Select 3-phase Bank, 3-Limb or 5-Limb core configuration |
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Transformer MVA |
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REAL |
Constant |
The apparent power rating of the transformer [MVA] |
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Primary Voltage (Line-to-Line RMS) |
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REAL |
Constant |
The voltage rating of the primary winding [kV] |
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Secondary Voltage (Line-to-Line RMS) |
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REAL |
Constant |
The voltage rating of the secondary winding [kV] |
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Winding # Type |
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Choice |
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Select the connection type for the specified winding # - Star (Y) or Delta (D) connected |
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Delta Lags or Leads Y |
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Choice |
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Select whether the D-connected winding voltage will lead or lag the Y-connected winding voltage by 30° |
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Base Operation Frequency |
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REAL |
Constant |
The base frequency of the electrical system, in which the transformer resides [Hz] |
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Leakage Reactance |
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REAL |
Constant |
The total leakage reactance of transformer. This can be calculated based on short-circuit test results [pu] |
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No Load Losses |
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REAL |
Literal |
The total no-load core losses of the transformer. Winding losses are not to be included here [pu] |
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Copper Losses |
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REAL |
Literal |
Enter the total copper losses for the transformer. Equivalent winding resistances are calculated based on this entry so that losses are distributed evenly among all the windings. These resistances are then placed in series with the windings [pu] |
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Model Saturation? |
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Choice |
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Select Yes or No to enable core saturation |
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Tap Changer on Winding |
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Choice |
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Select the winding number on which to place the on-line tap changer (or none) |
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Graphics Display |
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Choice |
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Select 3-phase view or single-line view |
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Display Details? |
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Choice |
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Select Yes or No.
This input is only functional in Single Line View and will display MVA and winding voltages near the component |
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Tap Setting |
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REAL |
Constant |
Select the tap setting. This parameter cannot be adjusted during the run |
Saturation CurveSaturation Curve
NOTE: The I-V characteristic defined by these inputs construct a piecewise linear saturation curve, where transitions between points are fully interpolated by PSCAD. If a 0.0 value is entered, PSCAD will ignore all points following the 0.0. This is useful in instances where the saturation curve has less then 10 points. The UMEC algorithm requires that the first quadrant of the saturation curve (with V in the vertical axis and I in the horizontal axis) to decrease in slope with each subsequent segment of the spline curve. Points that lead to slopes bigger that the previous registered slope will be ignored until a point leads to a smaller slope.
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Magnetizing Current at Rated Voltage |
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REAL |
Constant |
The magnetizing current at rated voltage. This parameter is only used if core saturation is disabled [%] |
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Enable Saturation |
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REAL |
Variable |
Enter 0 to disable and 1 to enable core saturation |
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Point # – Current as a Percentage |
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REAL |
Constant |
Enter the I-coordinates of the I-V curve. These points can be non-zero if desired. The maximum number of points is 10 [%] |
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Point # – Voltage in pu |
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REAL |
Constant |
Enter the V-coordinates of the I-V curve. These points can be non-zero if desired. The maximum number of points is 10 [pu] |
Core Aspect RatiosCore Aspect Ratios
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Ratio Yoke/Winding-Limb Length |
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REAL |
Constant |
Enter the ratio of core yoke length to the core winding-limb length |
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Ratio Yoke/Winding-Limb Area |
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REAL |
Constant |
Enter the ratio of core yoke area to the core winding-limb area |
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Ratio Yoke/Outer-Limb Length |
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REAL |
Constant |
Enter the ratio of core yoke length to the core outer -limb length |
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Ratio Yoke/Outer-Limb Area |
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REAL |
Constant |
Enter the ratio of core yoke area to the core outer-limb area |
Winding Line CurrentsWinding Line Currents
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Name for Phase Current (+in,kA) |
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REAL |
Output |
Name for the specified phase line current. This is both the line and the phase current if winding is Y-connected, and line current only if winding is delta connected. This parameter is positive into the winding from the line [kA] |
Winding Delta CurrentsWinding Delta Currents
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Name for Phase -> Phase Winding Current (kA) |
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REAL |
Output |
Name for the specified phase to phase current [kA] |
PU Transformer Flux (3 Phase Bank)PU Transformer Flux (3 Phase Bank)
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Winding # Flux (Phase) |
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REAL |
Output |
Enter a name to monitor flux in the specified winding of the selected phase [pu] |
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Winding # Leakage Flux (Phase) |
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REAL |
Output |
Enter a name to monitor leakage flux in the specified winding of the selected phase [pu] |
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Yoke Flux (Phase) |
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REAL |
Output |
Enter a name to monitor the yoke flux in the selected phase [pu] |
PU Transformer Flux (3 Limb)PU Transformer Flux (3 Limb)
NOTE: If no name is specified, these output signals will not be monitored.
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Winding # Flux (Phase) |
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REAL |
Output |
Enter a name to monitor flux in the specified winding in the selected phase [pu] |
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Winding # Leakage Flux (Phase) |
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REAL |
Output |
Enter a name to monitor leakage flux in the specified winding in the selected phase [pu] |
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Yoke Flux (Phase) |
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REAL |
Output |
Enter a name to monitor the yoke flux in the selected phase [pu] |
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Zero-Sequence Flux (Phase) |
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REAL |
Output |
Enter a name to monitor the zero-sequence flux in the selected phase [pu] |
PU Transformer Flux (5 Limb)PU Transformer Flux (5 Limb)
NOTE: If no name is specified, these output signals will not be monitored.
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Winding # Flux (Phase) |
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REAL |
Output |
Enter a name to monitor flux in the specified winding in the selected phase [pu] |
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Winding # Leakage Flux (Phase) |
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REAL |
Output |
Enter a name to monitor leakage flux in the specified winding in the selected phase [pu] |
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Yoke Flux (Phase) |
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REAL |
Output |
Enter a name to monitor the yoke flux in the selected phase [pu] |
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Outer-Limb Flux (Phase) |
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REAL |
Output |
Enter a name to monitor the outer-limb flux in the selected phase [pu] |
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Zero-Sequence Flux (Phase) |
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REAL |
Output |
Enter a name to monitor the zero-sequence flux in the selected phase [pu] |